Mappila or Moplah Rebellions

• A series of riots by the Mappila (Moplah) Muslims of Malabar, Kerala, South India in the 19th century and the early 20th century ( from 1836–1921) against Hindu landlords and the state. 
• The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 is often considered as the most significant and the culmination of a series of Mappila riots.
• The Malabar Rebellion (also known as the "Moplah Rebellion") was an armed uprising in 1921 against British authority and Hindus in the Malabar region of Southern India by Mappila Muslims and the culmination of a series of Mappila revolts that recurred throughout the 19th century and early 20th century.
• The 1921 rebellion began as a reaction against a heavy handed crackdown on the Khilafat Movement by the British authorities in the Ernad and Valluvanad taluks of Malabar. 
• In the initial stages, a number of minor clashes took place between Khilafat volunteers and the police, but the violence soon spread across the region.
• The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries. 
• The largely kudiyaan (tenant) Mappilas also attacked and killed jenmi (landlords) of the Hindu Nair and Brahmin Nambudiri castes. 
• In the later stages of the uprising, Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindu community, who they accused of helping the police to suppress their rebellion.
• Annie Besant reported that Muslim Mappilas forcibly converted many Hindus and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise, totalling to one lakh (100,000).
• The British Government put down the rebellion with an iron fist, British and Gurkha regiments were sent to the area and Martial Law imposed. 
• One of the most noteworthy events during the suppression later came to be known as the "Wagon Tragedy", in which 61 out of a total of 90 Mappila prisoners destined for the Central Prison in Podanur suffocated to death in a closed railway goods wagon.
• But once the British declared martial law and repression began in earnest, the character of the rebellion underwent a definite change. 
• Many Hindus were seen by the Mappilas to be helping the authorities. 
• This Revolt began as an anti-government and anti-landlord affair later  acquired communal overtones.
• The communalisation of the rebellion completed the isolation of the Mappilas from the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement. By December 1921, all resistance had come to a stop.